The exact timing for a Nanotrap test after tick bite in humans has not been directly assessed. However, the Nanotrap test can definitely be run upon the earliest onset of symptoms (with or without an EM rash), as Magni et al obtained positive Nanotrap results in 100% (24/24) patients with an EM rash AND in 6/6 (100%) early onset patients presenting with joint pain or neurologic symptoms, but without an EM rash. Also, in mouse studies, viable B. burgdorferi have been detected in the bladder/urine within 7-10 days of infection.